Why Minors Shouldn’t Get Tattoos.

Why Minors Shouldn’t Get Tattoos and Body Piercings! The more well known and standard tattoos and piercings become, the more young people need them. The issue is, it's not lawful for minors to get tattoos in numerous states. The other issue is, most guardians don't go for the thought by any stretch of the imagination. This sets adolescents in a place where they believe they need to settle on a choice for themselves, and they go looking for somebody to tattoo and additionally puncture them without the assent of their folks. This is the place things can go awfully wrong.The truth is, any tattoo or penetrating â€Å"artist† (I utilize that term freely) who is eager to violate the law and negligence the desires of guardians so as to tattoo or puncture a minor is now demonstrating they have no worry for their â€Å"client†. How might you confide in somebody with your wellbeing and security who is now a lawbreaker? Would you truly like to get a tattoo by some filth wit h a â€Å"gun† and some ink since he he'll do it modest and not tell your folks? On the off chance that you would prefer not to hear me out, hear one out of your own friends. Fortunate Star† is 17, and she felt constrained to share her story and clarify why she has chosen to hold up until she is of legitimate age to get a tattoo. Before I start my story of loathsomeness I make them comment. Hold up ‘til your 18, since it'll be so a lot more prominent on the off chance that you do. That will be your privilege of entry. Trust me. I’m going to be 17 in July and its slaughtering me that I'll need to stand by only one more year to get a tat. I've been needing tattoos since I was 10 †no joke. Also, I've just arranged out the ones I need and where they’re going to be on my body.But I realize when I'm at last ready to have an expert put that wonderful bit of work of art on my body that I've hungered for such a long time, the inclination will be so sweet . Alright enough of that on to my startling story. Toward the start of June my companion met this person at work who said he would tattoo us at his home since he was a disciple and he had the apparatuses to do as such at his home. I was so energized as was my companion. With the goal that end of the week while we were rolling over to his home I begun pondering all the things that have been said about tattoo specialists why should willing tattoo minors.I became torn†¦ the â€Å"should I or shouldn't I? † started a fight in my mind until we maneuvered into the person's garage. My companion went to me and said â€Å"are you prepared? † and I resembled â€Å"No, I'm most certainly not. I'm not going to proceed with this. I'm simply going to hold up till I'm 18. † My companion at that point considered me a child and we went into the guy’s house. The house was appalling and the restroom was far and away more terrible, and that’s where the man inked a hibiscus bloom on my friend’s pelvic bone. I sat on the lounge chair and wept hysterically on the grounds that I thought I blew my opportunity to get inked. Kid, was I wrong.After not seeing my companion for 6 days I went to her place to restore some garments I obtained from her. When I strolled into the house she snatched me and rushed to the restroom and gave me this nauseating mass that was at one time her hibiscus bloom tattoo. It had gotten tainted and sketchy. She wound up heading off to the clinic in light of the fact that the contamination got downright terrible and she would not like to fess up to her mother that she had gotten a tat underage in some fella's washroom. I needed to disclose to her mother at the emergency clinic about what went down. My companion is improving now and we've both scholarly a decent lesson.This hasn't frightened both of us from getting tattoos. It just instructed us to hold up till we're of lawful age. Indeed, to every one of you who are as yet perusing I state thank you and expectation that you took in something from my experience. Fortunate Star's experience is only one of numerous where youngsters end up in a hazardous circumstance just in light of the fact that they can hardly wait a couple of months or years to get inked or pierced lawfully. Is it extremely worth taking a chance with your life for? Is a bit of adornments or an image on your skin worth kicking the bucket for? In the event that you think it is, that is actually why you are not experienced enough to get it. Grow up and return later.

Essay examples --

What drives achievement? Where does it originate from? Would you be able to be naturally introduced to it? These are some normal inquiries with regards to progress. Each one can has their own sentiment about what achievement is, and furthermore the stuff to become fruitful individuals in today’s world. That is the place Malcolm Gladwell becomes possibly the most important factor. In the wake of understanding â€Å"Outliers: The Story of Success†, Gladwell has helped me see the excursion to accomplishment in manners I have and haven’t knew about previously. He encourages you see some unpredictable thoughts of why somebody might be progressively effective that another person. To me achievement is controlled by a ton of things and there is nobody thing that can make your prosperity, you must have numerous things that are not found in one spot. There are numerous things that strike a chord consider with regards to progress, age would be one of the many deciding variables. In the book, Gladwell utilized hockey for instance. Hockey is a game overwhelmed by Canadians. In Canada, there is a hockey cutoff time where if a child isn't 10 by January first, he needs to hold up until one year from now to start playing. This gives a child with a birthday before the cutoff time a bit of leeway over his adversaries who must be a couple months’ youthful than him, since he had a year a greater amount of understanding. Americans’ comprehend this in an alternate manner. In the United States educational system you must be 6 preceding a specific season before you can enter kindergarten. This could be diverse in light of the fact that the individuals who enter prior could graduate at a more youthful age, the individuals who need to hang tight could be increasingly arranged for school. It depends what you look like at every circum stance, since they all can be unique. On the off chance that you have each played a game, instrument, or basically went to class then you have heard the statement â€Å"Practice makes perfect.... ...l accepts that’s why we are behind instructively. I accept this is a genuine articulation, our children in joined expressed ought to invest more energy learning than playing computer games, messaging, and via web-based networking media which is by all accounts the most well known thing nowadays. Achievement can be characterized by a variety of things, regardless of whether you are tall or short, rich or poor, your definition might be unique in relation to one of your companions. I accept there isn't a â€Å"right† answer to the inquiries â€Å"what is success?† or â€Å"how you do you become successful?† This book truly gave me a couple of more perspectives about how achievement tags along. A portion of the things Malcolm Gladwell thinks of are extraordinary yet there is no correct answer. To me achievement is dictated by a great deal of things and there is nobody thing that can make you fruitful, you must have various things that are not found in one spot.

5 Ways to Increase Your Mental Flexibility

5 Ways to Increase Your Mental Flexibility More in Theories Biological Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Being able to “go with the flow” and be flexible in your thinking is a necessary skill for dealing with life’s inevitable changes. This is a trait that helps us adjust more easily to new circumstances, challenges and situations as they arise. Whether it’s starting a new job, taking a new class or getting married, being cognitively flexible helps us to grow and get along better with others. However, for many people, this is much easier said than doneâ€"especially for those who tend to “get stuck” on certain thoughts and behaviors patterns. They may also tend to be stubborn, argumentative or oppositional, worry constantly, get upset when things don’t go their way, be uncooperative (or automatically say “no” to things), or have conditions such as addictions, obsessive-compulsive tendencies, eating disorders, and even road rage. A common feature of all of these is difficulty letting go of thoughts or behaviors. The Biological Basis of Inflexibility An area of the brain called the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) tends to be overactive in people who have difficulty with cognitive flexibility. Located in the front part of the brain, the ACG is involved with shifting attention. When the ACG works well, it allows us to focus on something, let go, and then shift to focus on something else. However, when it is overactive, there is a tendency for people to get stuck. One of my patients described her experience with this as “being on a rat’s exercise wheel, where the thoughts just go over and over and over.” Strategies for Improving Cognitive Flexibility The good news is that there are some simple strategies you can incorporate into your life to help you become more flexible and adjust more easily to change. Improving nutrition, exercise and working on thought stopping/reframing can help improve cognitive flexibility. Change Your Diet It has been noted that the ACG has many “serotonergic” fibers and that people who tend to be rigid in their thinking or behavior may have a deficit of serotonin. For many, a diet with a higher ratio of complex carbohydrates to protein can be helpful. In particular, you might try adding chickpeas and sweet potatoes to your diet because these foods help boost serotonin, are high in fiber, and are lower on the glycemic index. Serotonin levels can also be raised by eating foods rich in L-tryptophan which is a building block of serotonin. Such foods include chicken, turkey, salmon, beef, nut butter, eggs, and green peas. Exercise Another way to increase L-tryptophan is by exercising. Exercise also increases your energy levels, reduces your worries, and can distract you from the repetitive thinking patterns that get stuck in your head. Practice Thought Stopping   An important part of gaining control over your repetitive thoughts is to become aware of them when they occurâ€"and then practice the simple technique of thought stopping.   Try envisioning a red stop sign, and saying to yourself: STOP! The more you practice this, the more you may feel control over their thoughts. You can also use a rubber band on your wrist and snap it when you catch yourself in a loop of negative thinking. The Stop! Technique Document Options and Solutions Writing down your thoughts helps to “get them out of your head” and allows you to view them more rationally. Try writing down: The thought that is stuck in your headWhat you can do to help offset the thoughtThings you have no control over with regard to the thought Think Before Automatically Saying “No” Some people have the tendency to say “no” automaticallyâ€"even before thinking about what was asked of them. This can be especially problematic in relationships. It is limiting and unnecessary to always dismiss ideas or deny your partner his or her requests. To help with this, before responding, take a deep breath, hold it for three seconds, and then take five seconds to exhale, while actually considering what the best way to respond would be. Using these techniques can help you improve your mental flexibility which in turn can help reduce your worries, improve your relationships and reduce the distress you experience when you get stuck on unhealthy or negative thoughts and behaviors.

The Early Influences of Rome - 1710 Words

The early influences of Rome, according to the text, were the people of Etruia and Greece. It is said that it all started in the southernmost Etruscan centers[1]. These places, Caere, Tarquinii, Vulci, and Veii, were the first city-states to be formed. It wasn’t long before the great city of Rome would rise. In this essay, we will briefly comment on the founders of Rome and their influences. Taking each part of history step by step hoping to uncover the secrets of Rome’s first steps towards become a great empire. The first thought of discussion will be on the Etruscans, the people of Etruia. The Etruscans played music, danced, did acrobatics, and held foot and chariot races[2]. This group of people were incredibly†¦show more content†¦There were however, other things besides religion and grammar that Rome received; things like the Etruscan games are one of the many things that Rome adapted from its neighbors. The Etruscans influence on Rome had to do with locat ion. Towards the end of the 7th century BCE, the Etruscans expanded their territories. Their territories included Northern Italy, with the Po Valley league, and the Etruscan city-states controlled areas over Latium, which also included Rome and Campania to the South. Hence the evolution of influence begins. In Livy, Romulus mentions one of the Etruscan influences, â€Å"I am inclined to agree with those who think that as a class of public officers was borrowed from the same people from whom the ‘sella curulis’ and the ‘toga praetexta’ were adopted- their neighbors, the Etruscans- so the number itself also was taken from them.† In this quote, not only does Romulus mention the influence in clothes but the influence in government as well. The number he mentions at the end of the quote has to do with twelve lictors he called to service. A lictor is a public officer who attended on the chief Roman magistrates†¦ the office of lictor is said to have b een derived by Romulus from the Etruscans.[10] The twelve lictors were responsible for passing judgment on criminals after a trail. This included Roman citizens, foreigners and slaves as well. Government was in fact another thingShow MoreRelatedEtruscans1697 Words   |  7 PagesEtruscans: The Building Block of Rome The dominant early settlers on the Italian peninsula were a non-Indo-European-speaking people known as the Etruscans (Coffin Stacey 168). The Etruscans were among three groups of people from the East that entered Italy as colonists and later as rulers of various segments of the peninsula. The Etruscans came into Italy about 800 B.C.E. following the Adriatic Sea. Although our knowledge of the Etruscans is severely limited by the fact that their languageRead MoreAncient Roman Civilization And Modern Times936 Words   |  4 Pagestourist to experience the ancient civilization through much of what Ancient Rome’s engineers enduring achievements, namely, temples, baths, aqueducts and roads (Temin, The economy of the early Roman Empire, 2006). Beyond the physical structures that survived the millennia, there are numerous modern cultural influences that are readily seen in everything from popular culture with extensive gladiator movies to the architecture of the nation’s capital building (James, 2008). However, the most importantRead MoreWomen During The Ancient World1445 Words   |  6 Pagesstereotypes, which limited their freedoms and abilities. Two such civilizations were Ancient Rome and Early Modern England. England during the 15th and 16th centuries supported the Anglican faith. Women, by divine belief, were created as subordinates to men; the rationale for this constitutes the creation of Eve from Adam’s rib, suggesting that women were made for man. Sexist bias was also supported in Rome (753 B.C. to 1453 A.D.) where the traditional ambitions of all women were to wed unknowinglyRead More The Roman Empire and Its Influence on Western Civilization Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire and Its Influence on Western Civilization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Romes vast empire lasted for an amazing one thousand-year reign. Half of it referred to as the republic, and the other as the empire. However, after its fall in 5oo-a.d. Rome has still remained in existence through its strong culture, architecture, literature, and even religion (Spielvogel 175). Even after its disappearance as a nation Rome left behind a legacy that will never be forgotten. Its ideals and traditions have been immolatedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book By Nikolaus Pevsner Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pageswork. In Strong’s preface to his book, there is an overview about the influences of propaganda in artwork given by his editor, Nikolaus Pevsner, in the foreword of the book. He states that Works of art, especially sculpture, were part of everyday life in ancient cities. Sculptures and painting gave form to the gods, commemorated the great men of the State, celebrated the events of history, depicted the dead on their tombs. In Rome they took on an even greater significance. They became an essentialRead MoreRome and Its Lasting Impression on the World1538 Words   |  7 PagesThe Roman Empire and Its Influence on Western Civilization Rome s vast empire lasted for an amazing one thousand-year reign. Half of it referred to as the republic, and the other as the empire. However, after its fall in 5oo-a.d. Rome has still remained in existence through its strong culture, architecture, literature, and even religion (Spielvogel 175). Even after its disappearance as a nation Rome left behind a legacy that will never be forgotten. Its ideals and traditions have been immolatedRead MoreHow Can Historians Make Use Of The Stories That The Romans1723 Words   |  7 PagesHow can historians make use of the stories that the Romans told about their founders and foundations? Abstract. There are two distinct stories regarding the foundation of ancient Rome, with claims to two founders. The story of Romulus and Remus describes the literal foundation of the city where as the Aeneid addresses the origins in the foundations of the Roman people being descended from Aeneas. In regards to their use to historians, though there is debate as to the legitimacy of historical factsRead MoreGreek And Roman Civilizations : Greece And Ancient Civilizations1503 Words   |  7 Pages Greek and Roman Civilizations In examining the impact that the ancient world has had on modern Western civilization, the two ancient civilizations which are frequently understood as having had the greatest influence are Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. These two civilizations would eventually come to shape much of what would become the modern European culture, politics and society, and by extension, a vast proportion of global culture and society. In scrutinizing the trajectory of modern historyRead MoreGreek And Roman Civilizations : Greece And Ancient Civilizations1498 Words   |  6 Pages Greek and Roman Civilizations In examining the impact that the ancient world has had on modern Western civilization, the two ancient civilizations which are frequently understood as having had the greatest influence are Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. These two civilizations would eventually come to shape much of what would become the modern European culture, politics and society, and by extension, a vast proportion of global culture and society. In examining the trajectory of modern historyRead MoreThe Civilization Of Ancient Rome1366 Words   |  6 Pages The Civilization of Ancient Rome and The Time of the Kings, From Republic to Empire: Romulus and Remus, the Etruscans, the Greeks and early influences HST 101 Spring 2015 Lance Raebel Pima Community College West Campus Tucson, Arizona Table of Contents Introduction I. Romulus And Remus founding story a. Twin brothers i. Considered to be half gods ii. Rasied by a she wolf b. Father the god of war i. Rapes Rhea Silvia their mother c. Find Rome i. Romulus then kills Remus for leadership II

Waterfall Model Is Based On Sequential Process - 1104 Words

Waterfall model is based on sequential process that is used in software development process. It takes place in steps. It is called as waterfall because it moves step by step in downward direction. As seen in manufacturing and construction site, each process is well structured and carried out step by step, in software development Waterfall model carries out all phases in sequential manner. All the phases like Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, Implementation and Maintenance are carried out in a sequential manner, step wise. It is stated that the first formal description of Waterfall model was made in 1970 in the article written by Winston W. Royce. Though the first use of waterfall model was made in 1976 in the article written by Bell and Thayer. 2.0 Spiral Model 2.1 Introduction Overview [2] Spiral model is another alternative process that is used in software development cycle. It is more focused on risk analysis. It is based on unique risk pattern that is adopted by the software. It can adopt any of the software development process such as incremental, evolutionary prototype and waterfall model. This method was introduced in 1986 in paper written by Barry Boehm. This model has four phases Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and Evolution. At each progress the software project has to be passed through all these four phases. The baseline spiral is reference for each other subsequent spirals. The baseline spiral starts with the planningShow MoreRelatedA Detailed Look Into The System Implementation1640 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagement used to show activities (tasks or events) displayed against time. METHODOLOGY The framework within which the process of developing an information system is planned, structured and controlled. PROTOTYPE A model by which a system is developed. MODEL A visual design or representation of a system. WATERFALL A linear software methodology implemented in sequential phases while emphasizing on documented plans, schedules and targets set on each phase. SPIRAL A methodology where theRead MoreDifference Between The Waterfall And The V Model Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesare known as models or methodologies. Most of these models stem from the SDLC, or the Software Development Life Cycle (Tutorials Point). One of these alternative models is known as the V-Model or V-Method. The V-Model is an SDLC model that is also based on the Waterfall Model. Both the Waterfall and the V-Method are sequential methods, which means every phase must be completed before moving onto the next step. The main difference between the Waterfall and the V-Model is that the V-Model has a testingRead MoreDisadvantage Of Waterfall Model907 Words   |  4 PagesWaterfall Model benefit, disadvantage and critique Waterfall Model is the first software development process model proposed by Royce in 1970 which is a linear sequential software development life cycle (SDLC) model. It is a sequential process model which does not overlap. It means that until the one phase is not completed then next phase cannot start. †¢ Requirement Analysis: often know as Software Requirements Specification (SRS). In this phase, all requirements of the software product are collectedRead MoreThe System Development Life Cycle1377 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup of people that work in the organization, as system development get bigger in an organization so also there are needs to systemize the process of system development and come up with a set of steps that are required for any system development. The system development life cycle is a common methodology used in all most every organization, it s a standard process followed by an organization to conduct all the steps necessary to analyze, design, implement, and maintain information systems A methodologyRead MoreSystem Development Life Cycle ( Sdlc ) Methodologies1448 Words   |  6 PagesAdvances in computer-based information technology in recent years have led to a widely variety of systems that managers are now using to make and implement decisions (Alter, 19 76). In today’s businesses, systems development is a process of examining a business situation to analyze better procedures and methods to stay competitive. System development life cycle (SDLC) methodologies are promoted as means of improving the management and control of the software development process, structuring and simplifyingRead MoreImplementing Developing An Information System1347 Words   |  6 Pagesthe process of developing an information system. For a software company developing commercial software, and IT organization delivering business applications to users or Systems Integrators delivering solutions to the customers improving overall development lifecycles will yield benefits to both the company and their respective customers. A wide variety of such frameworks have evolved over the years, each with its own recognized strengths and weaknesses. Most important of them are 1) Waterfall method:Read MoreComparative Study Of Waterfall And Rad1465 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: Comparative study of waterfall and RAD in context to PMBOK key management areas. Executive Summary: Software development life cycle is a methodology for designing, building, maintaining information and industrial systems. (waterfall) The research report here covers brief understanding of waterfall and RAD model. Later on comparison of both the project management methodologies are done in context to the key nine management areas of pmbok. Based on the comparative study recommendations is givenRead MoreAssignment of S/W Eng..1401 Words   |  6 PagesTake a suitable example to develop a software and implement the waterfall Model technique in it to develop the software ? Ans: The waterfall model shows a process, where developers are to follow these phases in order: 1. Requirements specification  (Requirements analysis) 2. Software Design 3. Integration 4. Testing  (or  Validation) 5. Deployment  (or  Installation) 6. Maintenance In a strict Waterfall model, after each phase is finished, it proceeds to the next one. ReviewsRead MoreImplementation Of Project Management Methodology981 Words   |  4 Pagesand procedures that decide how best to arrange, create, control and convey a task all through the continuous execution process until effective completion and termination. It is a logically demonstrated, precise and trained way to deal with project design, execution and completion. The purpose of project methodology is to take into consideration controlling the whole management process through powerful choice making and critical thinking, while guaranteeing the success of particular procedures, approachesRead MoreThe Pyramid Of The Waterfall Model Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pages This article by Phillip A. Laplante and Colin J. Neill of Penn State University explores the rumors of the demise of the waterfall model. The Waterfall process model progresses software products linearly from conception, through requi rements, design, code, and test (Neill, 2004). The Waterfall method was developed in 1970 by Winston Royce when computer systems were monolithic, number-crunching entities with rudimentary front ends and users’ needs were filtered through the partisan minds of the computer

The Worlds Population Is Increasing Free Essays

The World’s Population is increasing, but not evenly all over the world Aim: To find how the average line of latitude for the world’s largest cities has changed since 1950. Hypothesis: In the earlier years, the cities with the highest populations will be in HICs because these countries would have been the most developed, and these countries would have also been in the ‘rich north’. Introduction: As the world continues to develop, populations continue to increase as well. We will write a custom essay sample on The Worlds Population Is Increasing or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the populations of each country do not grow at the same rate. Some populations are rapidly increasing, whereas some country’s populations are barely increasing. The point of this investigation was to collect data for the top 10 most populated cities in 1950, 2000 and 2012. After this was done, the data could then be plotted onto a map, and trend lines could be drawn which then allowed us to discover patterns. Method: 1. Collect data (preferably from the same source) of the top ten biggest cities in 1950, 2000 and 2012. 2. Plot all of this data onto a map. Make sure all of the data for each country is plotted in a different color. . Write the rank and the population under each city, and make sure you round the population to one decimal place. 4. Once all of the data has been plotted, using the same color for each year, plot a line of best fit between all of the points. Your line should be horizontal, and completely straight. 5. After you have plotted 3 lines, examine all patterns, and record them. Analysis: After analyzing the data, some patterns were discovered. In 1950, the top ten most populated cities were as an average, in the rich north. There were wo cities in North America, and 4 cities in Europe. Most of these cities were in High Income Countries. The most populated city with 12. 5 million people was New York City. In 2000, most of the cities were in the ‘poor south’. There were only 2 cities (both in the USA) that weren’t in the south. All of the other cities were in LICs and MICs. In 2012, New York (which is the 4th most populated city) is the only city in the North. All of the other cities are in India, and East Asia. However, Mexico City, Sao Paulo and New York city are the only exceptions. Most of these cities are in LIC and MICs. Conclusion: After completing our investigation, it can be concluded that in 1950, almost all of the cities were in the rich north and were in MICs and HICs. Buenos Aires, Calcutta, Shanghai and Tokyo were the only cities that were in the ‘poor south’. In this period, these countries were beginning to start developing. In 2000, the average line where most of the cities were was a little north of Cuba. Most of the cities could be found in East Asia and South America, most of them in MICs and LIC’s. In 2012 the average line then moved north again, bisecting South Carolina. 7 of the 10 cities were in the Eastern Hemisphere in the poor South. Only Mexico City, Sao Paulo and New York City were in the eastern hemisphere. Most of the cities with the highest populations are in MIC’s or LIC’s. This could be because many people work in these cities, for example in Tokyo, however a more realistic answer would have to do with the rate of development. These cities that these countries are in are rapidly developing, and more and more people are migrating into the city to work. Evaluation: We could have altered this investigation to make our data, and maps more organized and presentable. For example we should have had all of the populations on one point, with the year and the population next to it. This would have saved a lot of space on our map, and made it more organized. All of our data should have been collected from the same website. All of the data were only estimates. Therefore, we should have used the same people who made the estimates for 1950 and 2000, however it was very hard to find this. How to cite The Worlds Population Is Increasing, Papers

Simon Kimmes Essays - Biology, Health, Medicine, Food Science

Simon Kimmes How Knowledge Changes 899 Today, we understand that infectious diseases like flu, chickenpox and pneumonia are caused by microscopic organisms - bacteria and viruses. Without this knowledge, we might have never developed ways to treat and prevent such infections. However, this understanding - known as the germ theory' of disease - was a remarkably recent discovery. People have created theories to explain human disease for millennia: the Greek physician Hippocrates, born in 460 BCE, thought that bad air' from swampy areas was to blame. In the 19th century, improvements in microscope technology enabled a generation of microbiologists to investigate further the world of previously unseen disease-causing organisms. Many of these scientists carried out research that contributed towards the formation of the germ theory. However, scientific proof of the theory was the achievement of two European scientists: Louis Pasteur, a Frenchman, and Robert Koch, who was German. Pasteur was a chemist: his early research focused on the study of crystals. But when he took up the post of head of the Science Faculty in Lille in 1854, he was inundated with demands from the local wine industry for him to research the science of fermentation. For the first time, Pasteur discovered that the process was caused by a living organism, which he called ferment'. This work was a turning point in the young chemist's career - he now began to apply his rigorous experimental methods to biological questions. By discovering that fermentation was caused by living organisms, Pasteur had raised many issues: what organisms did ferment' consist of, and where did these organisms come from? Many other scientists at the time believed that such microorganisms appeared out of thin air - the so-called spontaneous generation' theory . The alternative opinion was that these microorganisms originated from other similar microscopic beings. Pasteur set out to conduct a series of experiments that would conclusively resolve the debate. Essential to these tests was an unusual glass flask with a long, thin, bent tube attached to the neck - Pasteur called it a swan-necked flask. Using these flasks, he boiled liquids (therefore killing all the microorganisms inside) and then left them to cool. The design of the flask allowed the boiled liquid to be in contact with the air, while preventing any dust or dirt from entering. Pasteur tested many different liquids in this way, including those which usually fermented very easily. He found that none of them fermented after being boiled. He concluded that the processes of fermentation and decay were caused by microorganisms present in the air, and that these microorganisms could be killed by heating. Pasteur applied this new understanding to the local industries in Lille: most famously, he developed an effortless way to prevent wine being contaminated by unwanted microorganisms. This involved heating the wine to 50-60C, a technique we now know as pasteurization , after him. It is still used in the production of many foodstuffs. However, the most dramatic consequences of Pasteur's discovery were in the biology of disease. Using the experimental techniques, he had begun to develop in his earlier work, Pasteur went on to discover several species of bacteria. He also developed ways of making bacteria and viruses less dangerous so that they could be used for vaccination - the technique for preventing disease discovered earlier by English doctor Edward Jenner. The huge task of matching specific microorganisms to the disease they cause now lay ahead. About ten years after Pasteur's famous fermentation experiments, in a small self-built laboratory in the countryside near Berlin, the German microbiologist Robert Koch was working to establish a new method for approaching this task. The first disease he chose to study was anthrax, as it was common among farm animals in the area where he lived. The anthrax bacterium had already been discovered, but nobody had proved that this bacterium caused the disease seen in animals. Koch collected anthrax bacteria from farm animals that had died of the disease and used them to infect healthy mice. He also carried out a control experiment, using the same method but substituting the anthrax bacilli with blood from healthy farm animals. The anthrax-infected mice developed the disease and died, but the control mice